摘自《精通以太坊》

算术操作

算术操作码指令：

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ADD        //Add the top two stack items
MUL        //Multiply the top two stack items
SUB        //Subtract the top two stack items
DIV        //Integer division
SDIV       //Signed integer division
MOD        //Modulo (remainder) operation
SMOD       //Signed modulo operation
ADDMOD     //Addition modulo any number
MULMOD     //Multiplication modulo any number
EXP        //Exponential operation
SIGNEXTEND //Extend the length of a two's complement signed integer
SHA3       //Compute the Keccak-256 hash of a block of memory

栈操作

栈、内存和存储管理指令：

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POP     //Remove the top item from the stack
MLOAD   //Load a word from memory
MSTORE  //Save a word to memory
MSTORE8 //Save a byte to memory
SLOAD   //Load a word from storage
SSTORE  //Save a word to storage
MSIZE   //Get the size of the active memory in bytes
PUSHx   //Place x byte item on the stack, where x can be any integer from
        // 1 to 32 (full word) inclusive
DUPx    //Duplicate the x-th stack item, where x can be any integer from
        // 1 to 16 inclusive
SWAPx   //Exchange 1st and (x+1)-th stack items, where x can be any
        // integer from 1 to 16 inclusive

处理流程操作

流程控制指令：

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STOP      //Halt execution
JUMP      //Set the program counter to any value
JUMPI     //Conditionally alter the program counter
PC        //Get the value of the program counter (prior to the increment
          //corresponding to this instruction)
JUMPDEST  //Mark a valid destination for jumps

系统操作

用于系统程序执行的操作码：

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LOGx          //Append a log record with x topics, where x is any integer
              //from 0 to 4 inclusive
CREATE        //Create a new account with associated code
CALL          //Message-call into another account, i.e. run another
              //account's code
CALLCODE      //Message-call into this account with another
              //account's code
RETURN        //Halt execution and return output data
DELEGATECALL  //Message-call into this account with an alternative
              //account's code, but persisting the current values for
              //sender and value
STATICCALL    //Static message-call into an account
REVERT        //Halt execution, reverting state changes but returning
              //data and remaining gas
INVALID       //The designated invalid instruction
SELFDESTRUCT  //Halt execution and register account for deletion

逻辑操作

比较和位运算操作码：

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LT     //Less-than comparison
GT     //Greater-than comparison
SLT    //Signed less-than comparison
SGT    //Signed greater-than comparison
EQ     //Equality comparison
ISZERO //Simple NOT operator
AND    //Bitwise AND operation
OR     //Bitwise OR operation
XOR    //Bitwise XOR operation
NOT    //Bitwise NOT operation
BYTE   //Retrieve a single byte from a full-width 256-bit word

环境操作

处理执行环境信息的操作码：

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GAS            //Get the amount of available gas (after the reduction for
               //this instruction)
ADDRESS        //Get the address of the currently executing account
BALANCE        //Get the account balance of any given account
ORIGIN         //Get the address of the EOA that initiated this EVM
               //execution
CALLER         //Get the address of the caller immediately responsible
               //for this execution
CALLVALUE      //Get the ether amount deposited by the caller responsible
               //for this execution
CALLDATALOAD   //Get the input data sent by the caller responsible for
               //this execution
CALLDATASIZE   //Get the size of the input data
CALLDATACOPY   //Copy the input data to memory
CODESIZE       //Get the size of code running in the current environment
CODECOPY       //Copy the code running in the current environment to
               //memory
GASPRICE       //Get the gas price specified by the originating
               //transaction
EXTCODESIZE    //Get the size of any account's code
EXTCODECOPY    //Copy any account's code to memory
RETURNDATASIZE //Get the size of the output data from the previous call
               //in the current environment
RETURNDATACOPY //Copy data output from the previous call to memory

区块操作

访问当前区块信息的操作码：

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BLOCKHASH  //Get the hash of one of the 256 most recently completed
           //blocks
COINBASE   //Get the block's beneficiary address for the block reward
TIMESTAMP  //Get the block's timestamp
NUMBER     //Get the block's number
DIFFICULTY //Get the block's difficulty
GASLIMIT   //Get the block's gas limit